Sensors

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Accelerometers, Gyroscopes, Temperature Sensors, Pressure Sensors, ...


Accelerometer

These measure ( gasp ) acceleration. May be caused by gravity or the second derivative of position ( relative to an inertial frame ). Since acceleration is a vector to go the whole distace you need a 3 axis sensor, but often 1 or 2 D will do. Often the output is a voltage(s). Feed it to a microcontroller with an a to d converter, perhaps through an operational amplifier. Op amp

Gas sensor


Knock Sensor

Magnetic Field Sensor

Photo Diode/Transistor


Rotary Encoder

A rotary encoder is a device that measure ( or encodes ) rotational motion. The old fashioned mice with a ball used dual rotery encoders one to measure motion in the x direction one to measure motion in the y direction. This may be done using switching technology or by using optical methods ( so some encoders may be considered optical electronics ). Even stepper motors may be used as rotary encoders. It normally requires a microcontroller ( or speciality chip ) to decode the signals. In addition to mice rotary encoders are used for the user control on volume controls ( finally coupled to say digital potentiaometrs ), measure the position of joints in robots, or measuring the speed and/or positon of motors ( as in some servo motors ).

Linear Encoder

Like rotary encoders but for linear motion. Modern digital calipers are based on this technology ( i think ). Positioning of print heads in computers may also uses this to position the print head.

Temperature Sensor

Some are analog some are digital. All can microcontroller interfaces either digital or analog. Two analog devices are LM34 and LM35. Dallas semiconductor makes a line of sensors based on their one wire networking, cool.

Further Reading