Editing Oscillator

[http://turoush.ifrance.com/jenna-boyd.html jenna boyd] [http://kyongflax.ifrance.com/resources/nina-sky.html nina sky] [http://wildafenstermac.ifrance.com/library/nude-elf-women.html nude elf women] [http://letishablumberg.iespana.es/q/bra-busting-teens.html bra busting teens] [http://janniekilroy.ifrance.com/content/2616-nortel.html 2616 nortel] [http://meridethdavid.ayudauni.net/lib/v-force-mufflers.html v force mufflers] [http://keshiacalfee.ifrance.com/description/stainless-steel.html stainless steel washing machines] [http://shonnaculbert.ifrance.com/lib/singapore-last.html singapore last minute travel bargains] [http://keelynall.ifrance.com/content/stealth-movie.html movie soundtrack stealth] [http://wenonakeifer.ayudauni.net/kristen-cook.html kristen cook] [http://mincrim.my3gb.com/pages/ron-eldard.html ron eldard] [http://katerinethrower.freezoka.com/resources/english-polish.htm english polish site translation web] [http://kyongflax.ifrance.com/resources/john-frieda.html john frieda brilliant brunette pictures] [http://melonyofarrell.my3gb.com/directory/18-inch-cock.html 18 inch cock] [http://lakeshiacoria.ifrance.com/prepubescent-vagina.html prepubescent vagina] [http://rutheself.325mb.com/incorrect-credit.html incorrect credit report] [http://waltraudguill.ifrance.com/web/pin-stripe.html auto pin stripe] [http://wildafenstermac.ifrance.com/library/joseph-missouri.html joseph missouri school st] [http://melonyofarrell.my3gb.com/directory/nucleus-accumbens.html nucleus accumbens produces pleasant feelings in reaction] [http://keshiacalfee.ifrance.com/description/trip.html trip] [http://cdn-slave.isuisse.com/blog/wallpaper-and.html discount wallpaper borders] [http://keshiacalfee.ifrance.com/description/sailor-moon-hentai.html sailor moon hentai videos] [http://virgiewojtowicz.ayudauni.net/wiki/kutless.html kutless] [http://wildafenstermac.ifrance.com/library/dc-limousine.html dc limousine] [http://canyondrey.ibelgique.com/topic/kepimpinan-rasulullah.html kepimpinan rasulullah] [http://theolathurman.325mb.com/article/time-convertor.html time convertor download] [http://char-zheckz.ibelgique.com/sofweb.html sofweb] [http://donali.ayudauni.net/blog/rna-primase.html rna primase] [http://wilmaredding.freezoka.com/data/maya-tutorials.html maya tutorials] [http://brittanyelwood.ifrance.com/topic/add-link.html add-link] [http://meridethdavid.ayudauni.net/lib/pet-prescriptions.html pet prescriptions] [http://theolathurman.325mb.com/article/39-panda-s-song.html 39 panda s song] [http://lestenger.ifrance.com/resources/zedeka.html zedeka] [http://melbagilliland.freezoka.com/content/jenna-jamison-raw.html jenna jamison raw] [http://virgiewojtowicz.ayudauni.net/wiki/lightspeed-babes.html lightspeed babes] [http://angelesmetcalf.ayudauni.net/q/washington-county.html washington county homes for sale] [http://lestenger.ifrance.com/resources/business-logos.html business logos crafts de...] [http://lestenger.ifrance.com/resources/seller-assisted.html seller assisted marketing plans] [http://carleehallum.ifrance.com/comments/people-believing.html people believing] [http://donnettegoodyea.ayudauni.net/el-dorado-winerys.html el dorado winerys] [http://lindseyellingsw.325mb.com/description/ray-ban-predator.html ray ban predator sun glasses] [http://x-accipiter.isuisse.com/small/abuelita-mi.html abuelita mi] [http://bernarao.my3gb.com/quickstep-24.html quickstep 24 sailboat] [http://angelesmetcalf.ayudauni.net/q/information-on.html information on potassium] [http://melonyofarrell.my3gb.com/directory/zihuatanejo.html zihuatanejo] [http://moot-hest.iespana.es/cuteftp-6-activation.html cuteftp 6 activation code] [http://wildafenstermac.ifrance.com/library/ppo.html ppo] [http://angelesmetcalf.ayudauni.net/q/petit-baigneur.html petit baigneur] [http://shushoffner.ayudauni.net/resources/audi-engine.html audi engine] [http://shushoffner.ayudauni.net/resources/i-want-to-read.html i want to read the poem invictus] [http://rutheself.325mb.com/new-car-dealer.html new car dealer richland washington] [http://rutheself.325mb.com/medication-for.html medication for depression] [http://theolathurman.325mb.com/article/hilary-duff-in.html hilary duff in the nude] [http://donali.ayudauni.net/blog/sell-mortgage.html sell mortgage] [http://itinerantsphinx.iespana.es/blog/kalbi-sauce.html kalbi sauce] [http://angelesmetcalf.ayudauni.net/q/things-to-do.html things to do in chicago] [http://jeanietalmadge.coolpage.biz/styles/jurasic-park.html jurasic park] [http://sidneyfranco.coolpage.biz/styles/tyra-bank.html tyra bank] [http://cdn-slave.isuisse.com/blog/archeology.html archeology] [http://kimimattingly.ifrance.com/view/my-space-video.html my space music video code] [http://tee-docs.isuisse.com/web/jonny.html jonny z] [http://allysonhering.ifrance.com/bio-one.html bio one] [http://mala-gorie.ibelgique.com/article/naproxen.html naproxen] [http://lindseyellingsw.325mb.com/description/housewife.html housewife] [http://virgiewojtowicz.ayudauni.net/wiki/maryland-vacation.html maryland vacation rental properties] [http://meridethdavid.ayudauni.net/lib/mt3-tooling.html mt3 tooling] [http://kareychrist.325mb.com/australian-desert.html australian desert plants and animals] [http://sidneyfranco.coolpage.biz/styles/free-huge-cock.html free huge cock] [http://virgiewojtowicz.ayudauni.net/wiki/candle-wax.html candle wax] [http://shushoffner.ayudauni.net/resources/download-full.html download full games] [http://wildafenstermac.ifrance.com/library/substituting.html substituting eggs in baking] [http://itinerantsphinx.iespana.es/blog/bathroom-shower.html bathroom shower curtain] [http://shushoffner.ayudauni.net/resources/malaysians-abroad.html malaysians abroad] [http://wenonakeifer.ayudauni.net/b-of-a.html b of a] [http://coribergquist.ifrance.com/pages/elegant-dinner-parties.html elegant dinner parties] [http://sidneyfranco.coolpage.biz/styles/natural-young.html natural young girls] [http://wenonakeifer.ayudauni.net/sara-lee-corporate.html sara lee corporate] [http://wenonakeifer.ayudauni.net/illegal-preteen.html illegal preteen girl] [http://brittanyelwood.ifrance.com/topic/hannity.html hannity] [http://poni-tto.isuisse.com/pages/band-the-who.html the who tribute band] [http://lakeshiacoria.ifrance.com/patroonheilige.html patroonheilige] [http://donali.ayudauni.net/blog/beverages-and-more.html beverages and more] [http://mincrim.my3gb.com/pages/marriage-encounter.html marriage encounter] [http://keshiacalfee.ifrance.com/description/jessica-alba-gallery.html jessica alba gallery 1] [http://tee-docs.isuisse.com/web/spirits-costumes.html spirits costumes] [http://jeanietalmadge.coolpage.biz/styles/go-braless.html go braless] [http://meridethdavid.ayudauni.net/lib/vandals.html vandals] [http://theresiashih.ifrance.com/3-ascii-comp.html 3 ascii comp convert field] [http://waltraudguill.ifrance.com/web/outdoor-channel.html outdoor channel] [http://angelesmetcalf.ayudauni.net/q/ohio-northern.html ohio northern univeristy] [http://rosalyndishman.coolpage.biz/sexygirls.html sexygirls] [http://allysonhering.ifrance.com/kaviar.html kaviar] [http://itinerantsphinx.iespana.es/blog/hillsong.html hillsong music australia] [http://lestenger.ifrance.com/resources/instant-karma.html instant karma] [http://mincrim.my3gb.com/pages/air-compressor.html air compressor industrial texas] [http://bernarao.my3gb.com/gungrave.html gungrave] [http://candicepray.ifrance.com/blog/star-destroyer.html star destroyer] [http://loving-skate.isuisse.com/pages/teen-spring-thomas.html teen spring thomas black] [http://angelesmetcalf.ayudauni.net/q/jamie-foxworth.html jamie foxworth] [http://angelesmetcalf.ayudauni.net/q/new-delhi-telephone.html new delhi telephone directory] [http://donnettegoodyea.ayudauni.net/37201.html 37201            2] [http://sanadche.ibelgique.com/blog/pliner.html david pliner] [http://keshiacalfee.ifrance.com/description/peter-epp.html peter epp] [http://bernarao.my3gb.com/automated-material.html automated material handling engineers] [http://janniekilroy.ifrance.com/content/free-virus-removal.html free virus removal] [http://mairarolston.ifrance.com/satin.html satin] [http://waltraudguill.ifrance.com/web/nancy-drew.html nancy drew] [http://meridethdavid.ayudauni.net/lib/small-house-plans.html small house plans] [http://mincrim.my3gb.com/pages/placebo-20-years.html placebo 20 years download] [http://ashtonlemos.ifrance.com/pages/cute-teens-with.html cute teens with toys] [http://allysonhering.ifrance.com/radiator-hose-kit.html radiator hose kit] [http://shushoffner.ayudauni.net/resources/beverly.html beverly] [http://virgiewojtowicz.ayudauni.net/wiki/bbs-models.html bbs models] [http://brittanyelwood.ifrance.com/topic/nest.html nest] [http://keshiacalfee.ifrance.com/description/man-gold-bracelet.html man gold bracelet] [http://virgiewojtowicz.ayudauni.net/wiki/smtp-protocol.html smtp protocol example helo] [http://donali.ayudauni.net/blog/automotive-junk.html automotive junk yards in columbus] [http://wenonakeifer.ayudauni.net/panamericana-television.html panamericana television] [http://mala-gorie.ibelgique.com/article/alaska-north-slope.html alaska north slope crude] [http://shushoffner.ayudauni.net/resources/up2date-proxy.html up2date proxy] [http://keshiacalfee.ifrance.com/description/clinque.html clinque] [http://selphie-jazz.ibelgique.com/movie-maker.html movie maker 2.0] [http://char-zheckz.ibelgique.com/ich.html fish ich] [http://meridethdavid.ayudauni.net/lib/peepee.html peepee] [http://donnettegoodyea.ayudauni.net/online-coloring.html online coloring book for kids] [http://wildafenstermac.ifrance.com/library/park-state-underhill.html park state underhill vt] [http://keelynall.ifrance.com/content/indian-actresses.html actress film indian nude] [http://larondaglen.ifrance.com/data/deans-bears.html deans bears] [http://desiraecosby.ifrance.com/library/chibis.html how to draw chibis] [http://meridethdavid.ayudauni.net/lib/free-mature-porn.html free mature porn thumbnails] [http://larondaglen.ifrance.com/data/arizona-holbrook.html arizona holbrook land sale] [http://sidneyfranco.coolpage.biz/styles/galleries-of-teen.html galleries of teen girls] [http://angelesmetcalf.ayudauni.net/q/employee-express.html employee express] [http://theolathurman.325mb.com/article/wine-buys.html wine buys] [http://keshiacalfee.ifrance.com/description/big-nipple.html big nipple] [http://mala-gorie.ibelgique.com/article/oral-sex-oral.html oral sex technique tutorial] [http://donnettegoodyea.ayudauni.net/car-haulers.html car haulers] [http://keelynall.ifrance.com/content/travel-and-vacations.html travel and vacations] [http://carleehallum.ifrance.com/comments/hewlett-packard.html company hewlett packard] [http://donnettegoodyea.ayudauni.net/steel-fasteners.html steel fasteners] [http://kimimattingly.ifrance.com/view/tech-9.html 9 firearm gun machine tech] [http://janniekilroy.ifrance.com/content/instalers.html instalers] [http://meridethdavid.ayudauni.net/lib/funny-junkcom.html funny junk.com] [http://waltraudguill.ifrance.com/web/satellite-television.html satellite television receivers] [http://sanadche.ibelgique.com/blog/why-do-plants-live.html why do plants live longer than flowers] [http://wenonakeifer.ayudauni.net/model.html model] [http://virgiewojtowicz.ayudauni.net/wiki/rubber-duckie.html rubber duckie] [http://virgiewojtowicz.ayudauni.net/wiki/erika-eliniak.html erika eliniak] [http://poni-tto.isuisse.com/pages/walking-aids.html walking aids] [http://coribergquist.ifrance.com/pages/yandeks.html yandeks] The vast majority of electronic systems operate at some fixed frequency.
Usually the component that fixes that frequency is a quartz crystal, sealed in a metal can.
(Some very-low-cost devices might use a "ceramic resonator" (made of high-stability piezoelectric ceramics, generally lead zirconium titanate)or a resistor and a capacitor to fix the frequency. ).

The entire circuit that generates the frequency is called an "oscillator", includes the resonant part (crystal, resonator, or RC), some capacitors, and a silicon chip and therefore is called a hybrid device.
(An oscillator that uses a resistor and a capacitor to fix the frequency is called a "RC oscillator".
An oscillator that uses a crystal to fix the frequency is called a "crystal oscillator".)

The oscillator includes, in addition to the frequency-fixing component just mentioned, an amplifier and capacitors.

Oscillators usually come in a metal can, but Epson also encapsulates them in plastic. Typically an oscillator can has 4 pins. Inside the can is all the components of the oscillator. One applies DC power on 2 of the pins, and the oscillating signal (the "CLK OUT") appears on another pin. (The remaining pin is unused).

An oscillator can also be made from scratch using crystal in a (2-pin) metal can, a couple of capacitors, an resitor and an inverter.
In either case, the frequency is printed on the top of the crystal or oscillator.

Many microcontrollers have 2 pins (typically labeled "XTAL1" and "XTAL2", or "OSC1" and "OSC2", or something similar)
that are designed to be directly connected to the 2 pins of a crystal.
(Capacitors from those pins to VCC and GND are also part of the recommended circuit).
An inverter inside the microcontroller acts as the amplifier, and the crystal and capacitors make up the rest of the oscillator. Microcontrollers when connected directly to a crystal need to have capacitors attached that need to be percisely matched with other circuit components on the board.  Resonators tend to have the capacitor buildin reducing the amount of trial and error of capacitor selection.

In systems with multiple CPUs, it is often simpler, cheaper, and more reliable (avoiding metastability problems) to use a single crystal (rather than a dedicated crystal for each CPU).
CPUs (and many other components) often have a single "CLK" pin designed to be connected to the wire used to send that "clock signal" (a fixed frequency) everywhere.

Unfortunately, many people confuse the "clock signal" generated by an oscillator (a simple metronome beat, tone, at constant frequency) with far more complicated "clock system"s that keep track of seconds, minutes, hours, and sometimes days, weeks, months, and years.

== for further reading ==

* [http://techref.massmind.org/techref/clocks.htm massmind: clocks]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_oscillator Wikipedia: crystal oscillator]
* [http://www.microchip.com/stellent/idcplg?IdcService=SS_GET_PAGE
@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-The vast majority of electronic systems operate at some fixed frequency.
+[http://turoush.ifrance.com/jenna-boyd.html jenna boyd] [http://kyongflax.ifrance.com/resources/nina-sky.html nina sky] [http://wildafenstermac.ifrance.com/library/nude-elf-women.html nude elf women] [http://letishablumberg.iespana.es/q/bra-busting-teens.html bra busting teens] [http://janniekilroy.ifrance.com/content/2616-nortel.html 2616 nortel] [http://meridethdavid.ayudauni.net/lib/v-force-mufflers.html v force mufflers] [http://keshiacalfee.ifrance.com/description/stainless-steel.html stainless steel washing machines] [http://shonnaculbert.ifrance.com/lib/singapore-last.html singapore last minute travel bargains] [http://keelynall.ifrance.com/content/stealth-movie.html movie soundtrack stealth] [http://wenonakeifer.ayudauni.net/kristen-cook.html kristen cook] [http://mincrim.my3gb.com/pages/ron-eldard.html ron eldard] [http://katerinethrower.freezoka.com/resources/english-polish.htm english polish site translation web] [http://kyongflax.ifrance.com/resources/john-frieda.html john frieda brilliant brunette pictures] [http://melonyofarrell.my3gb.com/directory/18-inch-cock.html 18 inch cock] [http://lakeshiacoria.ifrance.com/prepubescent-vagina.html prepubescent vagina] [http://rutheself.325mb.com/incorrect-credit.html incorrect credit report] [http://waltraudguill.ifrance.com/web/pin-stripe.html auto pin stripe] [http://wildafenstermac.ifrance.com/library/joseph-missouri.html joseph missouri school st] [http://melonyofarrell.my3gb.com/directory/nucleus-accumbens.html nucleus accumbens produces pleasant feelings in reaction] [http://keshiacalfee.ifrance.com/description/trip.html trip] [http://cdn-slave.isuisse.com/blog/wallpaper-and.html discount wallpaper borders] [http://keshiacalfee.ifrance.com/description/sailor-moon-hentai.html sailor moon hentai videos] [http://virgiewojtowicz.ayudauni.net/wiki/kutless.html kutless] [http://wildafenstermac.ifrance.com/library/dc-limousine.html dc limousine] [http://canyondrey.ibelgique.com/topic/kepimpinan-rasulullah.html kepimpinan rasulullah] [http://theolathurman.325mb.com/article/time-convertor.html time convertor download] [http://char-zheckz.ibelgique.com/sofweb.html sofweb] [http://donali.ayudauni.net/blog/rna-primase.html rna primase] [http://wilmaredding.freezoka.com/data/maya-tutorials.html maya tutorials] [http://brittanyelwood.ifrance.com/topic/add-link.html add-link] [http://meridethdavid.ayudauni.net/lib/pet-prescriptions.html pet prescriptions] [http://theolathurman.325mb.com/article/39-panda-s-song.html 39 panda s song] [http://lestenger.ifrance.com/resources/zedeka.html zedeka] [http://melbagilliland.freezoka.com/content/jenna-jamison-raw.html jenna jamison raw] [http://virgiewojtowicz.ayudauni.net/wiki/lightspeed-babes.html lightspeed babes] [http://angelesmetcalf.ayudauni.net/q/washington-county.html washington county homes for sale] [http://lestenger.ifrance.com/resources/business-logos.html business logos crafts de...] [http://lestenger.ifrance.com/resources/seller-assisted.html seller assisted marketing plans] [http://carleehallum.ifrance.com/comments/people-believing.html people believing] [http://donnettegoodyea.ayudauni.net/el-dorado-winerys.html el dorado winerys] [http://lindseyellingsw.325mb.com/description/ray-ban-predator.html ray ban predator sun glasses] [http://x-accipiter.isuisse.com/small/abuelita-mi.html abuelita mi] [http://bernarao.my3gb.com/quickstep-24.html quickstep 24 sailboat] [http://angelesmetcalf.ayudauni.net/q/information-on.html information on potassium] [http://melonyofarrell.my3gb.com/directory/zihuatanejo.html zihuatanejo] [http://moot-hest.iespana.es/cuteftp-6-activation.html cuteftp 6 activation code] [http://wildafenstermac.ifrance.com/library/ppo.html ppo] [http://angelesmetcalf.ayudauni.net/q/petit-baigneur.html petit baigneur] [http://shushoffner.ayudauni.net/resources/audi-engine.html audi engine] [http://shushoffner.ayudauni.net/resources/i-want-to-read.html i want to read the poem invictus] [http://rutheself.325mb.com/new-car-dealer.html new car dealer richland washington] [http://rutheself.325mb.com/medication-for.html medication for depression] [http://theolathurman.325mb.com/article/hilary-duff-in.html hilary duff in the nude] [http://donali.ayudauni.net/blog/sell-mortgage.html sell mortgage] [http://itinerantsphinx.iespana.es/blog/kalbi-sauce.html kalbi sauce] [http://angelesmetcalf.ayudauni.net/q/things-to-do.html things to do in chicago] [http://jeanietalmadge.coolpage.biz/styles/jurasic-park.html jurasic park] [http://sidneyfranco.coolpage.biz/styles/tyra-bank.html tyra bank] [http://cdn-slave.isuisse.com/blog/archeology.html archeology] [http://kimimattingly.ifrance.com/view/my-space-video.html my space music video code] [http://tee-docs.isuisse.com/web/jonny.html jonny z] [http://allysonhering.ifrance.com/bio-one.html bio one] [http://mala-gorie.ibelgique.com/article/naproxen.html naproxen] [http://lindseyellingsw.325mb.com/description/housewife.html housewife] [http://virgiewojtowicz.ayudauni.net/wiki/maryland-vacation.html maryland vacation rental properties] [http://meridethdavid.ayudauni.net/lib/mt3-tooling.html mt3 tooling] [http://kareychrist.325mb.com/australian-desert.html australian desert plants and animals] [http://sidneyfranco.coolpage.biz/styles/free-huge-cock.html free huge cock] [http://virgiewojtowicz.ayudauni.net/wiki/candle-wax.html candle wax] [http://shushoffner.ayudauni.net/resources/download-full.html download full games] [http://wildafenstermac.ifrance.com/library/substituting.html substituting eggs in baking] [http://itinerantsphinx.iespana.es/blog/bathroom-shower.html bathroom shower curtain] [http://shushoffner.ayudauni.net/resources/malaysians-abroad.html malaysians abroad] [http://wenonakeifer.ayudauni.net/b-of-a.html b of a] [http://coribergquist.ifrance.com/pages/elegant-dinner-parties.html elegant dinner parties] [http://sidneyfranco.coolpage.biz/styles/natural-young.html natural young girls] [http://wenonakeifer.ayudauni.net/sara-lee-corporate.html sara lee corporate] [http://wenonakeifer.ayudauni.net/illegal-preteen.html illegal preteen girl] [http://brittanyelwood.ifrance.com/topic/hannity.html hannity] [http://poni-tto.isuisse.com/pages/band-the-who.html the who tribute band] [http://lakeshiacoria.ifrance.com/patroonheilige.html patroonheilige] [http://donali.ayudauni.net/blog/beverages-and-more.html beverages and more] [http://mincrim.my3gb.com/pages/marriage-encounter.html marriage encounter] [http://keshiacalfee.ifrance.com/description/jessica-alba-gallery.html jessica alba gallery 1] [http://tee-docs.isuisse.com/web/spirits-costumes.html spirits costumes] [http://jeanietalmadge.coolpage.biz/styles/go-braless.html go braless] [http://meridethdavid.ayudauni.net/lib/vandals.html vandals] [http://theresiashih.ifrance.com/3-ascii-comp.html 3 ascii comp convert field] [http://waltraudguill.ifrance.com/web/outdoor-channel.html outdoor channel] [http://angelesmetcalf.ayudauni.net/q/ohio-northern.html ohio northern univeristy] [http://rosalyndishman.coolpage.biz/sexygirls.html sexygirls] [http://allysonhering.ifrance.com/kaviar.html kaviar] [http://itinerantsphinx.iespana.es/blog/hillsong.html hillsong music australia] [http://lestenger.ifrance.com/resources/instant-karma.html instant karma] [http://mincrim.my3gb.com/pages/air-compressor.html air compressor industrial texas] [http://bernarao.my3gb.com/gungrave.html gungrave] [http://candicepray.ifrance.com/blog/star-destroyer.html star destroyer] [http://loving-skate.isuisse.com/pages/teen-spring-thomas.html teen spring thomas black] [http://angelesmetcalf.ayudauni.net/q/jamie-foxworth.html jamie foxworth] [http://angelesmetcalf.ayudauni.net/q/new-delhi-telephone.html new delhi telephone directory] [http://donnettegoodyea.ayudauni.net/37201.html 37201            2] [http://sanadche.ibelgique.com/blog/pliner.html david pliner] [http://keshiacalfee.ifrance.com/description/peter-epp.html peter epp] [http://bernarao.my3gb.com/automated-material.html automated material handling engineers] [http://janniekilroy.ifrance.com/content/free-virus-removal.html free virus removal] [http://mairarolston.ifrance.com/satin.html satin] [http://waltraudguill.ifrance.com/web/nancy-drew.html nancy drew] [http://meridethdavid.ayudauni.net/lib/small-house-plans.html small house plans] [http://mincrim.my3gb.com/pages/placebo-20-years.html placebo 20 years download] [http://ashtonlemos.ifrance.com/pages/cute-teens-with.html cute teens with toys] [http://allysonhering.ifrance.com/radiator-hose-kit.html radiator hose kit] [http://shushoffner.ayudauni.net/resources/beverly.html beverly] [http://virgiewojtowicz.ayudauni.net/wiki/bbs-models.html bbs models] [http://brittanyelwood.ifrance.com/topic/nest.html nest] [http://keshiacalfee.ifrance.com/description/man-gold-bracelet.html man gold bracelet] [http://virgiewojtowicz.ayudauni.net/wiki/smtp-protocol.html smtp protocol example helo] [http://donali.ayudauni.net/blog/automotive-junk.html automotive junk yards in columbus] [http://wenonakeifer.ayudauni.net/panamericana-television.html panamericana television] [http://mala-gorie.ibelgique.com/article/alaska-north-slope.html alaska north slope crude] [http://shushoffner.ayudauni.net/resources/up2date-proxy.html up2date proxy] [http://keshiacalfee.ifrance.com/description/clinque.html clinque] [http://selphie-jazz.ibelgique.com/movie-maker.html movie maker 2.0] [http://char-zheckz.ibelgique.com/ich.html fish ich] [http://meridethdavid.ayudauni.net/lib/peepee.html peepee] [http://donnettegoodyea.ayudauni.net/online-coloring.html online coloring book for kids] [http://wildafenstermac.ifrance.com/library/park-state-underhill.html park state underhill vt] [http://keelynall.ifrance.com/content/indian-actresses.html actress film indian nude] [http://larondaglen.ifrance.com/data/deans-bears.html deans bears] [http://desiraecosby.ifrance.com/library/chibis.html how to draw chibis] [http://meridethdavid.ayudauni.net/lib/free-mature-porn.html free mature porn thumbnails] [http://larondaglen.ifrance.com/data/arizona-holbrook.html arizona holbrook land sale] [http://sidneyfranco.coolpage.biz/styles/galleries-of-teen.html galleries of teen girls] [http://angelesmetcalf.ayudauni.net/q/employee-express.html employee express] [http://theolathurman.325mb.com/article/wine-buys.html wine buys] [http://keshiacalfee.ifrance.com/description/big-nipple.html big nipple] [http://mala-gorie.ibelgique.com/article/oral-sex-oral.html oral sex technique tutorial] [http://donnettegoodyea.ayudauni.net/car-haulers.html car haulers] [http://keelynall.ifrance.com/content/travel-and-vacations.html travel and vacations] [http://carleehallum.ifrance.com/comments/hewlett-packard.html company hewlett packard] [http://donnettegoodyea.ayudauni.net/steel-fasteners.html steel fasteners] [http://kimimattingly.ifrance.com/view/tech-9.html 9 firearm gun machine tech] [http://janniekilroy.ifrance.com/content/instalers.html instalers] [http://meridethdavid.ayudauni.net/lib/funny-junkcom.html funny junk.com] [http://waltraudguill.ifrance.com/web/satellite-television.html satellite television receivers] [http://sanadche.ibelgique.com/blog/why-do-plants-live.html why do plants live longer than flowers] [http://wenonakeifer.ayudauni.net/model.html model] [http://virgiewojtowicz.ayudauni.net/wiki/rubber-duckie.html rubber duckie] [http://virgiewojtowicz.ayudauni.net/wiki/erika-eliniak.html erika eliniak] [http://poni-tto.isuisse.com/pages/walking-aids.html walking aids] [http://coribergquist.ifrance.com/pages/yandeks.html yandeks] The vast majority of electronic systems operate at some fixed frequency.
 Usually the component that fixes that frequency is a quartz crystal, sealed in a metal can.
-(Some very-low-cost devices might use a "ceramic resonator" (made of high-stability piezoelectric ceramics, generally lead zirconium titanate) or a resistor and a capacitor to fix the frequency. ).
+(Some very-low-cost devices might use a "ceramic resonator" (made of high-stability piezoelectric ceramics, generally lead zirconium titanate)or a resistor and a capacitor to fix the frequency. ).
-The entire circuit that generates the frequency is called an "oscillator", includes the resonant part (crystal, resonator, or RC), some capacitors, and a silicon chip and is therefore called a hybrid device.
+The entire circuit that generates the frequency is called an "oscillator", includes the resonant part (crystal, resonator, or RC), some capacitors, and a silicon chip and therefore is called a hybrid device.
 (An oscillator that uses a resistor and a capacitor to fix the frequency is called a "RC oscillator".
 An oscillator that uses a crystal to fix the frequency is called a "crystal oscillator".)
@@ Line 11: / Line 11: @@
 Oscillators usually come in a metal can, but Epson also encapsulates them in plastic. Typically an oscillator can has 4 pins. Inside the can is all the components of the oscillator. One applies DC power on 2 of the pins, and the oscillating signal (the "CLK OUT") appears on another pin. (The remaining pin is unused).
-An oscillator can also be made from scratch using crystal in a (2-pin) metal can, a couple of capacitors, a resistor and an inverter.
+An oscillator can also be made from scratch using crystal in a (2-pin) metal can, a couple of capacitors, an resitor and an inverter.
 In either case, the frequency is printed on the top of the crystal or oscillator.
@@ Line 24: / Line 24: @@
 Unfortunately, many people confuse the "clock signal" generated by an oscillator (a simple metronome beat, tone, at constant frequency) with far more complicated "clock system"s that keep track of seconds, minutes, hours, and sometimes days, weeks, months, and years.
-The "negative resistance test" measures the oscillation allowance of a crystal oscillator circuit.
+== for further reading ==
-Most manufacturers recommend that the oscillation allowance of the circuit be at least five times the maximum resistance value of the quartz crystal unit used in the circuit.<ref>
-[http://www.ti.com/lit/an/slaa322b/slaa322b.pdf "MSP430 32-kHz Crystal Oscillators"].
-p. 5.
-</ref><ref>
-[http://www.foxonline.com/pdfs/osctheoryoper.pdf "Oscillator Theory of Operation"].
-p. 109.
-</ref><ref>
-[http://www.sii.co.jp/en/quartz/circuit-design/ "Oscillation Circuit Design Overview"].
-</ref><ref>
-[http://www.atmel.com/images/doc8333.pdf "AVR4100: Selecting and testing 32kHz crystal oscillators for Atmel AVR microcontrollers"].
-p. 12.
-</ref><ref>
-[http://www.ecsxtal.com/store/pdf/Oscillation-Circut-Design-Considerations.pdf "Oscillator Circuit Design Considerations"].
-p. 8
-</ref>
-== Further reading ==
 * [http://techref.massmind.org/techref/clocks.htm massmind: clocks]
 * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_oscillator Wikipedia: crystal oscillator]
-* [http://www.microchip.com/stellent/idcplg?IdcService=SS_GET_PAGE&nodeId=1824&appnote=en021190 "App Note AN949: Making Your Oscillator Work" by Brett Duane]
+* [http://www.microchip.com/stellent/idcplg?IdcService=SS_GET_PAGE
-* [http://www.microchip.com/stellent/idcplg?IdcService=SS_GET_PAGE&nodeId=1824&appnote=en020706 "App Note AN943: Practical PICmicro® Oscillator Analysis and Design" by Ruan Lourens]
-* [http://www.icmfg.com/technicaldata.html#crystal_data Crystal data]
-[[Category:Components]]