Modulation Plugin

ToDos

• make sure each components freq. response, to make sure the highest freq.
• place DAC into this module board together, then only 4 wires(Vcc, I2C clk, Gnd & I2C data) from host.
• understand all components
• call sample
• draw circuit and PCB and grounding problem
• test by real circuit and firmware

Objectives

• The modulation module is used to deliver a digital output signal with the following characteristics:
  • Square wave
  • Variable frequency (>1kHz)
  • Variable amplitude (0V - 2.5V)
• interface to MCU which do the control

• Q: Is square wave where the "Lo" time is always at "GND" OK?
• Q: If not, is a switch between "Lo is GND" vs. "Lo is negative Hi" OK? Or does "Lo" need to be independently controlled with another ADC?
• Q: Will people be connecting a speaker directly to the output, requiring a relatively high-power output op amp such as the LM386N-3 ?

Software Solution

• Timer Interrupt controlling I2C 10-bit DAC can only achieve frequency response of about 1kHz
  • 5byte/cmd
  • 8bit/byte
  • baudrate = 400kHz
  • This yields 10kHz (0.1ms)
  • As OS context switch is 10ms, set timer to 1ms (1kHz), so that 0.9ms can be used to process other tasks
• Due to higher freq. response requirement, so using hardware to implement the clock

Hardware Solution

Overall Performance

• I2C Baudrate:
• Output Voltage Range:
• Output Frequency Range:
• Number of channels:

Selected Chips

Part No.	Description	Order Chip	Call Sample
DAC6574IDGS	Quad-channel 10-bit I2C DAC	Digikey	No need
CY2545???	Quad PLL I2C Programmable Clock Generator	HQEW	Try Contact Cypress
DS1089L	3.3V Center Spread-Spectrum EconOscillator	Digikey	Maxim
MC74VHC4053DT	Analog Multiplexers		Try Contact ON Semiconductor

CY2545 is out of stock in digikey, so there is no more information about it.

Circuit

                    +-----+            +--------+         +--------+
      I2C Bus       |     |            | Analog |         | Op-Amp |
  ------------+-----| DAC |------------| Switch |---------|        |---------Output
              |     |     |            +--------+         +--------+
              |     +-----+                |
              |                            |
              |     +--------------+       |
              |     | Programmable |       |
              +-----| Clock        |-------+
                    +--------------+
  

This architecture allows the square wave to run at a very high frequency, even with a slow I2C and a slow DAC.

Circuit Simulation by Paul Falstad's Web

• Import the following

$ 1 5.0E-6 16.817414165184545 64 5.0 50
w 128 256 144 256 0
w 16 256 64 256 0
g 16 352 16 368 0
v 64 64 112 64 0 0 40.0 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.5
w 112 128 144 128 0
w 64 128 16 128 0
w 16 128 16 256 0
v 64 256 128 256 0 2 1000.0 1.65 1.65 0.0 0.5
a 336 144 464 144 1 3.3 0.0
w 336 160 336 192 0
w 464 192 464 144 0
w 464 144 512 144 0
r 592 144 592 256 0 1000.0
g 592 352 592 368 0
w 512 144 592 144 0
w 336 192 352 192 0
w 432 192 464 192 0
v 64 128 112 128 0 1 1.0 1.25 1.25 0.0 0.5
w 16 256 16 288 0
w 16 288 16 352 0
w 592 256 592 352 0
g 272 352 272 368 0
w 272 128 336 128 0
w 176 256 176 144 0
r 272 224 272 288 0 1000.0
w 272 128 272 224 0
w 272 288 272 352 0
159 144 128 208 128 0
r 208 128 256 128 0 1000.0
w 256 128 272 128 0
w 144 256 176 256 0
r 336 224 336 288 0 1000.0
g 336 352 336 368 0
w 336 288 336 352 0
w 336 192 336 224 0
r 352 192 432 192 0 1000.0
o 4 64 0 34 2.5 7.8125E-4 0 -1
o 0 64 0 35 5.0 9.765625E-5 1 -1
o 11 64 0 34 2.5 0.0015625 2 -1

Components Inside Circuit

DAC chip

• Part No: DAC6574IDGS
• datasheet
• Resolution: 10-bit
• I2C clock Frequency: upto 3.4Mbps
• No of channels: 4
• Operating Voltage: 2.7 - 5.5V
• Temperature range: -40 - 105^oC

Clock Generator chip

• CY2545???
• datasheet
• buy at here
• I2C clock Frequency: upto 400kbps
• No of channels: 4
• Operating Voltage: 2.5V, 3.0V, 3.3V
• Temperature range: -40 - 85^oC

Comparison between Different Clock Generator Chips

Part No.	Opertating Volt	Operating Freq	Min Volt	Max Volt	output freq	Min Temp	Max Temp	Pin
CY2545	2.5V, 3.0V, 3.3V	400KHz	-0.5V	4.5V	3- 166 MHz	-40oC	85oC	24-pin

CLK 1-8 : frequency output
  CLK 3 : frequency selection (FS)
          (Function 2) cy2545 has 4 PLLs, each PLLs can be set 2 frequency, CLK 3 use to select the frequency
  CLK 6 : spread spectrum ON/OFF control input
          (Function 2) for synthesizing and modulating the frequency
Vdd_CLK_BX (X=1,2,3) control the output frquency of Blanck X (X=1,2,3) 

               +------------------+        
               |         |        |------CLK 1
               |         | Bank 1 |
               |         |        |------CLK 2
               |------------------|     
               |         |        |------CLK 3
               |         | Bank 2 |------CLK 4
               |         |        |------CLK 5
               |------------------|
               |         |        |------CLK 6
               |         | Bank 3 |------CLK 7
               |         |        |------CLK 8
               +------------------+
CLKIN/RST ---1. 2.5V/3.0V/3.3V external reference clock frequency
             2. Reset function POR :back to default condition / 
                       Clean Start : keep the programmed value
Xout        Crystal frequency output
Xin/EXCLKIN Crystal frequency input/ 1.8V external clock input

• Coding

 [Start Bit]->[7-bits devices]-->[R/W bit]-->[  Slave  ]-->[   8-bits     ]--> ..   
 [ address ]  [   address    ]   [       ]   [ CLK ACK ]   [memory address]   
 
 ..[ACK]-->[8-bits]-->[  8-bits    ]-->....[  8-bits    ]......until... [stop bit]
   [   ]   [ data ]   [data in MA+1]       [data in MA+n]               [        ]

Analog Switch

• Part No: MC74VHC4053
• datasheet
• Switching Frequency: 120MHz
• No of channels: 4
• Operating Voltage:
• Temperature range: -40 - 85^oC

Comparison between Different Analog Switches

Part No.	Operating Volt(V)	Freq Resp(Hz) at 3V	On-state Resist(Ω) at 3V	Min Volt(V)	Max Volt(V)	Min Temp	Max Temp	Indenpent Circuit	Voltage Supply Source	Pin
SN74AHC4066	Vcc : 2V~5.5V	35MHz	29Ω	Vcc : -0.5V	Vcc : 7V	-40oC	85oC	4	single	14
74HC4051D	Vcc : 2V~10V Vee : -10V~2V	Nil	80Ω	Vcc :-0.5V Vee : -11V	Vcc : 11V Vee : 2V	-40oC	85oC	4	Dual	16
MC74VHC4051	Vcc : 2V~6V Vee : -6V~0V	80MHz	80Ω	Vcc :-0.5V Vee :-7V	Vcc : 7V Vee : 5V	-40oC	85oC	4	Dual	16
MC74VHC4052	Vcc : 2V~6V Vee : -6V~0V	90MHz	90Ω	Vcc :-0.5V Vee :-7V	Vcc : 7V Vee : 5V	-40oC	85oC	4	Dual	16
MC74VHC4053	Vcc : 2V~6V Vee : -6V~0V	120MHz	90Ω	Vcc :-0.5V Vee :-7V	Vcc : 7V Vee : 5V	-40oC	85oC	4	Dual	16

• more information about the series 7400 in wiki: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7400_series
• there is model G which is super high speeds at more than 1 GHz in 7400 family, however this model is very expensive.

op-amp buffer

• OPA340

Possibly Useful References

An open source waveform generator