Difference between revisions of "Oscillator"

From OpenCircuits
Jump to navigation Jump to search
(mention the "negative resistance test")
 
(48 intermediate revisions by 32 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
[http://kommaersantid.ifrance.com/directory/www-buonadomenica/ www buonadomenica it] [http://lovelaytar98.ifrance.com/styles/story-board.htm story board] [http://kadiassa.ifrance.com/incontri-lisbona/ incontri lisbona] [http://kommaersantid.ifrance.com/directory/toshiba-satellite38/ toshiba satellite m40 146] [http://dannaybrito.ifrance.com/data/prince-william/ prince william] [http://kar9a1.ifrance.com/peste-borromeo.htm peste borromeo] [http://levkaonoe.ifrance.com/say-my/ say my name] [http://4ejiaobek2007.ifrance.com/web/almirall/ almirall] [http://lovelaytar98.ifrance.com/styles/jacket-hemisphere.htm jacket hemisphere] [http://isolldae.ifrance.com/www-che1.htm www che palle it] [http://sheraacrawler007.ifrance.com/topic/spyboots.htm spyboots] [http://isolldae.ifrance.com/jw-marriott.htm jw marriott bucharest grand] [http://testgoanefishing.ifrance.com/data/milano-san6.htm milano san paolo biglietti aerei] [http://dannaybrito.ifrance.com/data/video-gianni/ video gianni celeste] [http://4ejiaobek2007.ifrance.com/web/le-nozze3/ le nozze di figaro mozart] [http://4ejiaobek2007.ifrance.com/web/ramaganana-treble/ ramaganana treble] [http://listnaossov.ifrance.com/styles/je-te1.htm je te donne] [http://mclovaer.ifrance.com/plasma-samsung3/ plasma samsung ps42v4s] [http://yulia20077.ifrance.com/styles/tiziano-ferro58.htm tiziano ferro and jamelia universal play] [http://lovelaytar98.ifrance.com/styles/inaya-day.htm inaya day] [http://kar9a1.ifrance.com/ramazzotti-eros1.htm ramazzotti eros stilelibero] [http://dannaybrito.ifrance.com/data/discoteca-odissea/ discoteca odissea] [http://maksa2209.ifrance.com/html/maraya/ maraya] [http://kadiassa.ifrance.com/escort-a5/ escort a verona] [http://isolldae.ifrance.com/bolgheri-biz.htm bolgheri biz] [http://kommaersantid.ifrance.com/directory/dragracer-v/ dragracer v3] [http://testgoanefishing.ifrance.com/data/oops-olimpics.htm oops olimpics] [http://yulia20077.ifrance.com/styles/sagua-la.htm sagua la grande] [http://kar9a1.ifrance.com/vaio-hard.htm vaio hard disk] [http://mclovaer.ifrance.com/src/ src] [http://listnaossov.ifrance.com/styles/ati-radeon213.htm ati radeon x600 256mb] [http://mixia495.ifrance.com/description/oregon4.htm oregon 968] [http://listnaossov.ifrance.com/styles/todo-cunbia.htm todo cunbia] [http://kommaersantid.ifrance.com/directory/nessun/ nessun] [http://kadiassa.ifrance.com/fotos-shakira/ fotos shakira] [http://testgoanefishing.ifrance.com/data/toshiba-tecra21.htm toshiba tecra a4] [http://starya92.ifrance.com/small/volo-aereo93/ volo aereo nairobi] [http://lovelaytar98.ifrance.com/styles/tablet-dvd.htm tablet dvd lettore 7] [http://yulia20077.ifrance.com/styles/patatine.htm patatine] [http://levkaonoe.ifrance.com/geforce-fx5/ geforce fx6600] [http://sheraacrawler007.ifrance.com/topic/occhiali-di3.htm occhiali di prada] [http://levkaonoe.ifrance.com/porsche-cuneo/ porsche cuneo] [http://testgoanefishing.ifrance.com/data/marcello-mastroianni.htm marcello mastroianni] [http://dannaybrito.ifrance.com/data/horror-collection2/ horror collection] [http://4ejiaobek2007.ifrance.com/web/ricevitore-nokia1/ ricevitore nokia pda] [http://kadiassa.ifrance.com/siti-web1/ siti web personali] [http://kadiassa.ifrance.com/decoder-terrestre11/ decoder terrestre adb] [http://starya92.ifrance.com/small/cx-3/ cx 7525 kodak] [http://sheraacrawler007.ifrance.com/topic/sistemi-flessibili.htm sistemi flessibili di produzione] [http://kar9a1.ifrance.com/rally-championship1.htm rally championship] [http://mclovaer.ifrance.com/nomadi-concerto1/ nomadi concerto] [http://dannaybrito.ifrance.com/data/sony-dcrdvde4/ sony dcrdvd92e] [http://mclovaer.ifrance.com/end-evangelion/ end evangelion] [http://kaocarat.ifrance.com/view/riproduzione-gioiello1.htm riproduzione gioiello antico argento] [http://yulia20077.ifrance.com/styles/hudson.htm hudson] [http://kar9a1.ifrance.com/fregne-aperte.htm fregne aperte] [http://testgoanefishing.ifrance.com/data/el-me1.htm el me mintio] [http://mostpoisonous.ifrance.com/styles/chat-mania.htm chat mania] [http://hryak83.ifrance.com/small/lesbian-slave/ lesbian slave] [http://lovelaytar98.ifrance.com/styles/codici-seca9.htm codici seca pic] [http://4ejiaobek2007.ifrance.com/web/motorola-e7/ motorola e] [http://iscadumn.ifrance.com/articles/www-jhonny/ www jhonny deep com] [http://mostpoisonous.ifrance.com/styles/imon-f.htm imon f i] [http://kommaersantid.ifrance.com/directory/lirirrixa/ lirirrixa] [http://listnaossov.ifrance.com/styles/www-comune55.htm www comune bonito av it] [http://isolldae.ifrance.com/travelstar1.htm travelstar 2 5] [http://4ejiaobek2007.ifrance.com/web/lagenesi/ lagenesi] [http://mixia495.ifrance.com/description/calogero-passi3.htm calogero passi mp3] [http://mostpoisonous.ifrance.com/styles/quilisma.htm quilisma] [http://isolldae.ifrance.com/viaccses.htm viaccses] [http://dannaybrito.ifrance.com/data/norwich/ norwich] [http://mclovaer.ifrance.com/ricetta-dolci3/ ricetta dolci sardi] [http://dannaybrito.ifrance.com/data/el-topo/ el topo grand h] [http://hryak83.ifrance.com/small/servizio-registrazione/ servizio registrazione domini] [http://iscadumn.ifrance.com/articles/registrazione-nome/ registrazione nome dominio] [http://iscadumn.ifrance.com/articles/daewoo-s/ daewoo 700s] [http://kommaersantid.ifrance.com/directory/video-in3/ video in the shadows] [http://kar9a1.ifrance.com/ozone-dragostei.htm ozone dragostei din te] [http://kadiassa.ifrance.com/bellissima-bruttissima/ bellissima bruttissima] [http://levkaonoe.ifrance.com/dvd-recorder101/ dvd recorder lg 7400] [http://kadiassa.ifrance.com/hotel-minorca/ hotel minorca] [http://maksa2209.ifrance.com/html/campionato-francese1/ campionato francese] [http://lovelaytar98.ifrance.com/styles/penthhouse-com.htm penthhouse com] [http://kaocarat.ifrance.com/view/benq-dc15.htm benq dc c60] [http://yulia20077.ifrance.com/styles/dvps.htm dvps7700] [http://sheraacrawler007.ifrance.com/topic/odium.htm odium] [http://kadiassa.ifrance.com/lettore-dvd175/ lettore dvd portatile audiovox] [http://maksa2209.ifrance.com/html/sostanze-inquinanti/ sostanze inquinanti] [http://dannaybrito.ifrance.com/data/to-lose/ to lose it] [http://kommaersantid.ifrance.com/directory/modellismo-barche/ modellismo barche a vela] [http://kaocarat.ifrance.com/view/los-roques1.htm los roques] [http://iscadumn.ifrance.com/articles/mini-toscana/ mini toscana] [http://4ejiaobek2007.ifrance.com/web/piazza-arbarello/ piazza arbarello] [http://kar9a1.ifrance.com/piscina-rigide.htm piscina rigide] [http://4ejiaobek2007.ifrance.com/web/pasion-and/ pasion and opera] [http://kommaersantid.ifrance.com/directory/foto-di350/ foto di moran atias su max] [http://yulia20077.ifrance.com/styles/sex-bomb2.htm sex bomb ven ven ven] [http://dannaybrito.ifrance.com/data/combi-lettori/ combi lettori dvd] [http://kaocarat.ifrance.com/view/i-need13.htm i need a girl] [http://starya92.ifrance.com/small/il-conte11/ il conte di melissa] [http://pussicat-di.spalatorie-auto.net/content/kim-sun13.htm kim sun beheaded] [http://samaukin.contabil.org/web/nardi-lavelli/ nardi lavelli] [http://sosiska-punk.scriitor.org/small/il-capitan1/ il capitan della compagnia] [http://gwen13.medic-de-familie.info/html/la-casa71.htm la casa dei zombi viventi] [http://an2041.traducator.info/content/you-abbigliamento.htm you abbigliamento] [http://lizok-kotenok.instalator.org/sono-italiano/ sono italiano] [http://lizok-kotenok.instalator.org/fitoterapia/ fitoterapia] [http://baby19.pensiuni.biz/dal-risorgimento.htm dal risorgimento ai nostri giorni] [http://baby19.pensiuni.biz/forni-a15.htm forni a microonde da incasso] [http://gwen13.medic-de-familie.info/html/tecnici-di4.htm tecnici di macchine da gioco  (regione piemonte)] [http://lizok-kotenok.instalator.org/hari/ hari] [http://lizok-kotenok.instalator.org/bambola-antica/ bambola antica] [http://sosiska-punk.scriitor.org/small/star-wars25/ star wars battlefront xbox] [http://lizok-kotenok.instalator.org/lo-spettro2/ lo spettro verde] [http://baby19.pensiuni.biz/usb-flash15.htm usb flash drive] [http://baby19.pensiuni.biz/no-coke.htm no coke] [http://sherry-131.inginer.info/lib/tipi-di7/ tipi di motori] [http://sosiska-punk.scriitor.org/small/canoe/ canoe] [http://an2041.traducator.info/content/i-cieli5.htm i cieli di escaflowne disco 1] [http://sosiska-punk.scriitor.org/small/lg-lac2/ lg lac m8410r] [http://lizok-kotenok.instalator.org/copertina-pc/ copertina pc fiffa 2004] [http://an2041.traducator.info/content/san-juan3.htm san juan hotel] [http://gwen13.medic-de-familie.info/html/jamaica-puma.htm jamaica puma] [http://samaukin.contabil.org/web/ageof-empires/ ageof empires2] [http://magickitty.pescari.net/description/recensione-giochi2.htm recensione giochi] [http://sherry-131.inginer.info/lib/lacie-mobile12/ lacie mobile 80 firewire] [http://baby19.pensiuni.biz/hamid-inerzaf.htm hamid inerzaf] [http://nadyshkapyps.muzician.org/view/phaser-2/ phaser 740 magenta] [http://lizok-kotenok.instalator.org/happyland/ happyland] [http://lizok-kotenok.instalator.org/siemens-sl11/ siemens sl] [http://samaukin.contabil.org/web/mario-trvi/ mario trvi] [http://an2041.traducator.info/content/hotel-rimini4.htm hotel rimini centro] [http://nadyshkapyps.muzician.org/view/regie-des/ regie des rentes du quebec] [http://sherry-131.inginer.info/lib/wireless-adsl3/ wireless adsl2 starter kit] [http://an2041.traducator.info/content/zona-territ.htm zona territ] [http://an2041.traducator.info/content/fatture.htm fatture] [http://an2041.traducator.info/content/haiduchi-gabry.htm haiduchi gabry ponte] [http://sherry-131.inginer.info/lib/cotidiano/ cotidiano] [http://baby19.pensiuni.biz/zero-degree.htm zero degree fighter combat] [http://gwen13.medic-de-familie.info/html/lian-li9.htm lian li 6070b] [http://magickitty.pescari.net/description/usta.htm usta] [http://gwen13.medic-de-familie.info/html/kiddy-board.htm kiddy board] [http://sosiska-punk.scriitor.org/small/geforce8/ geforce 6200 256] [http://pussicat-di.spalatorie-auto.net/content/mobi-dino.htm mobi dino] [http://an2041.traducator.info/content/jesi.htm jesi] [http://baby19.pensiuni.biz/zumaa.htm zumaa] [http://sosiska-punk.scriitor.org/small/abate-carmine/ abate carmine] [http://nadyshkapyps.muzician.org/view/shavit/ shavit] [http://nadyshkapyps.muzician.org/view/staffa-per8/ staffa per lcd samsung] [http://an2041.traducator.info/content/soggiorno-a.htm soggiorno a parigi] [http://nadyshkapyps.muzician.org/view/giochi-strategici/ giochi strategici] [http://gwen13.medic-de-familie.info/html/video-inter.htm video inter fiorentina] [http://sherry-131.inginer.info/lib/www-allenatore1/ www allenatore net] [http://lizok-kotenok.instalator.org/freddi-krueger/ freddi krueger] [http://lizok-kotenok.instalator.org/kylie-minogue11/ kylie minogue live in sydney] [http://gwen13.medic-de-familie.info/html/cranberries-beneath.htm cranberries beneath the skin live in paris] [http://gwen13.medic-de-familie.info/html/euro23.htm euro] [http://samaukin.contabil.org/web/santana-motors/ santana motors] [http://sherry-131.inginer.info/lib/black-planet1/ black planet] [http://baby19.pensiuni.biz/splashdown.htm splashdown] [http://baby19.pensiuni.biz/chat-perverse.htm chat perverse] [http://magickitty.pescari.net/description/magictweak.htm magictweak] [http://magickitty.pescari.net/description/dibicenter.htm dibicenter] [http://nadyshkapyps.muzician.org/view/online-il4/ online il sito europeo di city of heroes] [http://gwen13.medic-de-familie.info/html/la-stufa.htm la stufa a legna e a carbone libri] [http://gwen13.medic-de-familie.info/html/incintri-supereva.htm incintri supereva it] [http://samaukin.contabil.org/web/unian/ unian] [http://baby19.pensiuni.biz/tamron13.htm tamron 28 2 8] [http://an2041.traducator.info/content/christina-milan.htm christina milan] [http://gwen13.medic-de-familie.info/html/twinmos-pc.htm twinmos pc3200 400mhz] [http://sosiska-punk.scriitor.org/small/win-mix6/ win mix down load] [http://samaukin.contabil.org/web/linfonodi-ascellari/ linfonodi ascellari] [http://sherry-131.inginer.info/lib/ustkamenogorsk/ ustkamenogorsk] [http://magickitty.pescari.net/description/don-t72.htm don t want to know] [http://lizok-kotenok.instalator.org/il-buon2/ il buon soldato] [http://pussicat-di.spalatorie-auto.net/content/cry-me1.htm cry me a river] [http://sherry-131.inginer.info/lib/lezione-di1/ lezione di chitarra] [http://lizok-kotenok.instalator.org/hometeatre-jvc/ hometeatre jvc] [http://lizok-kotenok.instalator.org/valvole-a/ valvole a gas] [http://samaukin.contabil.org/web/calvin-klein13/ calvin klein da vista] [http://gwen13.medic-de-familie.info/html/una-ragazza20.htm una ragazza da sedurre] [http://an2041.traducator.info/content/rudy-.htm rudy  il successo di un sogno] [http://sosiska-punk.scriitor.org/small/barbara-contini/ barbara contini] [http://an2041.traducator.info/content/k-the.htm k1 the arena fighters] [http://gwen13.medic-de-familie.info/html/adsl-dlink5.htm adsl dlink 300t] [http://nadyshkapyps.muzician.org/view/giuseppe-pagano/ giuseppe pagano] [http://sosiska-punk.scriitor.org/small/vacanta-mare/ vacanta mare] [http://lizok-kotenok.instalator.org/tipografie/ tipografie] [http://an2041.traducator.info/content/roma-bene.htm roma bene] [http://baby19.pensiuni.biz/rosa-tigre.htm rosa tigre] [http://baby19.pensiuni.biz/annuncio-case8.htm annuncio case asti] [http://pussicat-di.spalatorie-auto.net/content/air-ockey.htm air ockey] [http://pussicat-di.spalatorie-auto.net/content/la-madonna1.htm la madonna delle sette lune] [http://baby19.pensiuni.biz/xcrypt.htm xcrypt 1 4] [http://pussicat-di.spalatorie-auto.net/content/maira.htm maira] [http://pussicat-di.spalatorie-auto.net/content/equateur.htm equateur] [http://baby19.pensiuni.biz/nothing-i.htm nothing i have ever known] [http://lizok-kotenok.instalator.org/kenwood-cinema1/ kenwood cinema 5 2] [http://nadyshkapyps.muzician.org/view/euro-dance9/ euro dance 12] [http://samaukin.contabil.org/web/gygh/ gygh] [http://www.kayseriaskf.com/picture_library/moaxsx.html Usato automobile] [http://mojelizatko.wz.cz/source/language_text/wlqndb.html Webmail telecom italia it] [http://jesper-holm.dk/GeneratedItems/enxinb.html Commercialista roma] [http://www.ebrulimobilya.com/picture_library/jpkpid.html Unipol] [http://www.lightcut.ru/de/content/cache/ahtxks.html Quadri di klimt veneto] [http://www.windjammer-landing.com/old/weddings/uhqenw.html Noleggio tendone treviso] [http://troniny.ovh.org/temp/xgfdqk.html Manara milo] [http://www.isabeyli.bel.tr/templates/css/adxtrf.html Copertina ita ps2] [http://troniny.ovh.org/temp/vjwmih.html dvx lettore dvd] [http://radioherz.com/Library/_notes/nahrmx.html Vip fakes] [http://www.tffhgdkayseri.org.tr/picture_library/cfixlx.html Melita tonioli] [http://jesper-holm.dk/GeneratedItems/segikp.html Radio deejay] [http://gardenstylebydesign.com/Templates/rbapst.html Francesca piccinini picture] [http://www.lightcut.ru/de/content/cache/unrgwj.html Presetting strumento misura] [http://www.windjammer-landing.com/old/weddings/fbnhmd.html Spiagge nude] [http://suncom.uz/picture_library/bfefsx.html Ciste ovarica dolore lombare] [http://gardenstylebydesign.com/Templates/xjnouq.html Gestione rapporto cliente] [http://fmgroup.ca/blog/wp-includes/js/tinymce/utils/qiafhj.html Beach voyeur] [http://www.lightcut.ru/de/content/cache/rpteju.html Metro ingrosso alimentare moncalieri] [http://jtcmed.com/zaya/cvvlao.html Stampante hp photosmart] [http://radioherz.com/Library/_notes/crajrc.html Sardegna albergo] [http://fmgroup.ca/blog/wp-includes/js/tinymce/utils/ppdfci.html Elenco attrici porno] [http://www.windjammer-landing.com/old/weddings/anqnxw.html Diciottenni pelose] [http://www.windjammer-landing.com/old/weddings/bmvlcq.html Wresling porno] [http://marketingstat.com/iq/fflitl.html Oroscopo ironico] [http://uzmilana.com/pages/htmls/xxurkb.html Fantacalcio] [http://www.mils.co.yu/strane/qhmomu.html Toscana vino cava] [http://jesper-holm.dk/GeneratedItems/gctloh.html Racconti di milu] [http://uzmilana.com/pages/htmls/qwfkno.html Guinness dei primati] [http://suncom.uz/picture_library/wcngak.html Orologio solario] [http://www.windjammer-landing.com/old/weddings/ulxume.html Spiaggia nudisti] [http://jtcmed.com/zaya/oawrsa.html Chloe jones bikini] [http://higginscohn.com/picture_library/hfxmbf.html Pensioni per cani] [http://lightyearmedia.com/widgets/owtwer.html Collant e sesso] [http://fmgroup.ca/blog/wp-includes/js/tinymce/utils/wbiqbf.html Presentatrici nude] [http://windsor-edmonton.com/plywood_images/als_locks/_vti_cnf/jjwfpk.html Pillola anticoncezionale] [http://www.lightcut.ru/de/content/cache/skavrb.html Minigonna senza mutandine] [http://www.ebrulimobilya.com/picture_library/mqkisn.html Connessione internet gratis] [http://mojelizatko.wz.cz/source/language_text/usveqm.html Intranet informaservizi it] [http://radioherz.com/Library/_notes/suigki.html Racconto di sodomia] [http://suncom.uz/picture_library/huthrb.html One piece entai] [http://jesper-holm.dk/GeneratedItems/oolnbj.html Los roques posada] [http://higginscohn.com/picture_library/luiulp.html Prof luce rossa pordenone] [http://www.maviyesilkent.com.tr/images/rggixg.html Riflessologia plantare mappa del piede] [http://www.kayseriaskf.com/picture_library/vedcwe.html John lennon] [http://mojelizatko.wz.cz/source/language_text/wdbpvn.html Altro consumo] [http://radioherz.com/Library/_notes/acwblg.html Vecchie troie pompinare] [http://higginscohn.com/picture_library/iudhkd.html Foto amatoriali porno] [http://500hats.net/songs/gvhekf.html Celebrita italiane] [http://www.mimdizayn.com/merkez/images/ceerds.html Design polimi] [http://www.windjammer-landing.com/old/weddings/dnnptw.html Porno veramente gratis] [http://appony.com/urlaalex/uaeplg.html Tamagotchi europe] [http://appony.com/urlaalex/vahnbf.html Dislessia] [http://www.lightcut.ru/de/content/cache/tqtwrp.html Acquario oroscopo giorno] [http://higginscohn.com/picture_library/cteldh.html Video hentai lamu] [http://gardenstylebydesign.com/Templates/hnbqra.html Cayman isole] [http://www.ebrulimobilya.com/picture_library/betqjb.html Rdb] [http://www.mimdizayn.com/merkez/images/qkafht.html Un mondo di donnine] [http://radioherz.com/Library/_notes/prqgwp.html Abiti cerimoniali da ragazza] [http://www.mimdizayn.com/merkez/images/soflig.html Gravina in puglia] [http://www.mils.co.yu/strane/qvlesm.html Foto figa nera] [http://gardenstylebydesign.com/Templates/prguho.html Ermafrodita foto] [http://www.mils.co.yu/strane/ndmdle.html Hotel finale ligure] [http://radioherz.com/Library/_notes/toihei.html Www le iene it] [http://www.fuarkent.com.tr/picture_library/taabrg.html Prestito treviso] [http://www.akcasar.net/images/nrsknu.html Tatuaggio delfino] [http://www.lightcut.ru/de/content/cache/tpeojn.html Foto emma watson nuda] [http://jesper-holm.dk/GeneratedItems/thetwr.html Interesse bancario] [http://suncom.uz/picture_library/oauuhd.html Campeggio italia] [http://www.mezarci.net/images/rowger.html Silver rings] [http://www.1956memorial.com/test/ofpbds.html Diciottenni troie] [http://www.tffhgdkayseri.org.tr/picture_library/ophxna.html Villa and affitto casa vacanza] [http://www.tffhgdkayseri.org.tr/picture_library/xjxnpd.html Tablature basso 883] [http://jtcmed.com/zaya/mmjffm.html Porno animali gratis] [http://www.mils.co.yu/strane/hxubtl.html Troie puttane gratis] [http://www.mezarci.net/images/hnoidn.html Prefisso] [http://500hats.net/songs/onnxkp.html James blunt tribute band] [http://jtcmed.com/zaya/kglrld.html Vendita pc portatile] [http://windsor-edmonton.com/plywood_images/als_locks/_vti_cnf/jtxpmk.html Box prefabbricato] [http://www.mezarci.net/images/wbojid.html Littizzetto] [http://www.lightcut.ru/de/content/cache/hnosmp.html Annuncio tx escort] [http://www.akcasar.net/images/mssncs.html Giochi dress up] [http://www.hasekisigorta.com/images/jmobur.html Alberta ristorante] [http://www.just4keepers.ca/old/html/aaiosf.html Adara michaels] [http://jesper-holm.dk/GeneratedItems/dpbwnw.html Sony bmg music entertainment] [http://probeverunka.unas.cz/cache/illvdb.html Foto sexe gratis romania] [http://www.art-product.com/images/cetkice/fjulat.html Sapere it dizionario] [http://anatemasokofilm.com/zvuk/bkoqef.html Intranet informaservizi it] [http://radioherz.com/Library/_notes/uxlqud.html Prenotazione albergo colonia] [http://www.maviyesilkent.com.tr/images/ulnves.html Filmati incesti] [http://mojelizatko.wz.cz/source/language_text/upepxr.html Playhouse disney italia] [http://www.just4keepers.ca/old/html/uqvdxc.html Trunks pan hentai] [http://mojelizatko.wz.cz/source/language_text/jkrwnx.html Livejasmin com] [http://www.mimdizayn.com/merkez/images/utqaoe.html Ascolta musica italiana] [http://www.akcasar.net/images/gabgxa.html Zemanova] [http://troniny.ovh.org/temp/jbhlog.html Figc crt] [http://www.kayseriaskf.com/picture_library/msvrde.html Suoneria da scaricare] [http://windsor-edmonton.com/plywood_images/als_locks/_vti_cnf/tbkkij.html Peso perdita herbalife distributore] [http://radioherz.com/Library/_notes/ctswlb.html Elisabetta canalis hard] [http://www.tffhgdkayseri.org.tr/picture_library/regmsn.html Www caesartour it] [http://lazy-murrra.freehostia.com/midifiles.htm midifiles] [http://egocentricf.freehostia.com/helen-e.htm helen e i suoi amici] [http://beloyara.freehostia.com/topic/voulez-vous1/ voulez vous danser] [http://egocentricf.freehostia.com/no-ghe1.htm no ghe] [http://egocentricf.freehostia.com/he-would.htm he would let it be] [http://dacrackst.freehostia.com/data/foto-racconti5/ foto racconti di  incesto] [http://tyttora.freehostia.com/text/che-fine/ che fine] [http://super-ioz.freehostia.com/dixon/ dixon] [http://beloyara.freehostia.com/topic/nokia-351/ nokia 6101 vodafone] [http://renkokitom.freehostia.com/video-elicottero/ video elicottero in iraq] [http://tacogrrla.freehostia.com/you-got5.htm you got a friend] [http://egocentricf.freehostia.com/why-don1.htm why don t you do right] [http://isbellan.freehostia.com/web/apple-laserwriter2/ apple laserwriter 8500] [http://isbellan.freehostia.com/web/pixies-hey/ pixies hey] [http://beloyara.freehostia.com/topic/da-bomb1/ da bomb] [http://drakuldemona.freehostia.com/u-bindi.htm u bindi] [http://dacrackst.freehostia.com/data/collari-per/ collari per cani] [http://isbellan.freehostia.com/web/mixer-amplificati/ mixer amplificati] [http://tyttora.freehostia.com/text/pedale-wah/ pedale wah] [http://tacogrrla.freehostia.com/paolina-rubio1.htm paolina rubio] [http://lazy-murrra.freehostia.com/free-password.htm free password porn] [http://beloyara.freehostia.com/topic/metro-rock/ metro rock club] [http://isbellan.freehostia.com/web/larea-/ larea 51 apre i suoi cancelli al web] [http://just-whelm.freehostia.com/deskjet-c10.htm deskjet 610c] [http://egocentricf.freehostia.com/misread-the.htm misread the king of convenience] [http://isbellan.freehostia.com/web/foto-de11/ foto de mujeres denudas] [http://tyttora.freehostia.com/text/sito-del3/ sito del secolo xix] [http://isbellan.freehostia.com/web/marlene-favela/ marlene favela] [http://drakuldemona.freehostia.com/safet-isovic.htm safet isovic] [http://beloyara.freehostia.com/topic/pc-acer10/ pc acer ferrari] [http://drakuldemona.freehostia.com/pesca-vison.htm pesca vison] [http://renkokitom.freehostia.com/uomini-sportivi/ uomini sportivi foto xxx] [http://renkokitom.freehostia.com/raggiodisole/ raggiodisole] [http://egocentricf.freehostia.com/spionaggio-a.htm spionaggio a casablanca] [http://tyttora.freehostia.com/text/sms-con/ sms con win] [http://just-whelm.freehostia.com/militare-decapitato.htm militare decapitato] [http://drakuldemona.freehostia.com/hd-portatili.htm hd portatili] [http://super-ioz.freehostia.com/kartel/ kartel] [http://renkokitom.freehostia.com/jennifer-presman/ jennifer presman] [http://isbellan.freehostia.com/web/ambrosio-gabriella/ ambrosio gabriella libri] [http://super-ioz.freehostia.com/en-espanol/ en espanol] [http://tyttora.freehostia.com/text/asus-ngt5/ asus n6600gt agp 128] [http://tacogrrla.freehostia.com/www-jippii1.htm www jippii it] [http://tyttora.freehostia.com/text/segnali-militari/ segnali militari] [http://egocentricf.freehostia.com/yetisport12.htm yetisport] [http://tacogrrla.freehostia.com/midi-di11.htm midi di annai 60] [http://just-whelm.freehostia.com/ultime-notizie15.htm ultime notizie iraq] [http://isbellan.freehostia.com/web/programma-per20/ programma per togliere la traccia del ca] [http://tacogrrla.freehostia.com/haiducii-dragostea15.htm haiducii dragostea din tei solo canzone] [http://beloyara.freehostia.com/topic/una-lei/ una lei tra di noi] [http://tacogrrla.freehostia.com/video-selezione.htm video selezione veline] [http://egocentricf.freehostia.com/the-spanish.htm the spanish tragedy] [http://isbellan.freehostia.com/web/dvd-tft1/ dvd tft] [http://egocentricf.freehostia.com/modella-foto.htm modella foto] [http://tacogrrla.freehostia.com/faber-stapulensis.htm faber stapulensis] [http://tacogrrla.freehostia.com/hp-152.htm hp 24 porte] [http://isbellan.freehostia.com/web/padre-davvero1/ padre davvero] [http://dacrackst.freehostia.com/data/kymco/ kymco] [http://dacrackst.freehostia.com/data/vento-di5/ vento di passioni film dvd] [http://egocentricf.freehostia.com/star-sex.htm star sex] [http://beloyara.freehostia.com/topic/in-grid2/ in grid] [http://just-whelm.freehostia.com/fibre-artificiali.htm fibre artificiali e sintetiche] [http://dacrackst.freehostia.com/data/floppy-driver/ floppy driver combo] [http://just-whelm.freehostia.com/hoobstank-the1.htm hoobstank the reason] [http://beloyara.freehostia.com/topic/wagner-parsifal/ wagner parsifal] [http://tyttora.freehostia.com/text/ballade-of/ ballade of adeline] [http://beloyara.freehostia.com/topic/spot-pubblicitari2/ spot pubblicitari nike] [http://tyttora.freehostia.com/text/dabakala/ dabakala] [http://beloyara.freehostia.com/topic/donna-classe1/ donna classe] [http://dacrackst.freehostia.com/data/real-flat1/ real flat 29] [http://egocentricf.freehostia.com/www-telcel1.htm www telcel com] [http://drakuldemona.freehostia.com/sox.htm sox] [http://renkokitom.freehostia.com/multifunzione-laser19/ multifunzione laser a colori con fronte] [http://just-whelm.freehostia.com/deejay-it.htm deejay it] [http://egocentricf.freehostia.com/mille-una.htm mille una] [http://beloyara.freehostia.com/topic/usb-hard2/ usb hard disk 300 gb] [http://isbellan.freehostia.com/web/balance/ balance] [http://lazy-murrra.freehostia.com/topamax-.htm topamax 25 mg 60 cps] [http://super-ioz.freehostia.com/super-painter/ super painter valex] [http://lazy-murrra.freehostia.com/testo-nek.htm testo nek] [http://beloyara.freehostia.com/topic/volo-brescia/ volo brescia] [http://tacogrrla.freehostia.com/dvd-di4.htm dvd di ligabue] [http://lazy-murrra.freehostia.com/peppe-sex.htm peppe sex] [http://super-ioz.freehostia.com/lettori-memory12/ lettori memory card magnex] [http://egocentricf.freehostia.com/lcd-zorba.htm lcd zorba s dance] [http://isbellan.freehostia.com/web/primo-lesbo/ primo lesbo] [http://just-whelm.freehostia.com/i-diamanti1.htm i diamanti che nessuno voleva rubare] [http://dacrackst.freehostia.com/data/cuscino-collo/ cuscino collo] [http://tacogrrla.freehostia.com/hit-my14.htm hit my] [http://egocentricf.freehostia.com/corsi-gambe.htm corsi gambe rosso] [http://beloyara.freehostia.com/topic/malta-gozo/ malta gozo] [http://super-ioz.freehostia.com/scarpe-trandy/ scarpe trandy] [http://super-ioz.freehostia.com/fly-by/ fly by blue] [http://tyttora.freehostia.com/text/lanier-drivers/ lanier drivers] [http://tyttora.freehostia.com/text/motori-di11/ motori di ricerca trens] [http://egocentricf.freehostia.com/gabry-ponte24.htm gabry ponte e little tony] [http://renkokitom.freehostia.com/gene-lee1/ gene lee nolin video] [http://tacogrrla.freehostia.com/hillarie-burton.htm hillarie burton] [http://lazy-murrra.freehostia.com/cimitero-prima.htm cimitero prima porta roma] [http://super-ioz.freehostia.com/elezioni-it/ elezioni it] The vast majority of electronic systems operate at some fixed frequency.
+
The vast majority of electronic systems operate at some fixed frequency.
 
 
 
Usually the component that fixes that frequency is a quartz crystal, sealed in a metal can.
 
Usually the component that fixes that frequency is a quartz crystal, sealed in a metal can.
(Some very-low-cost devices might use a "ceramic resonator" (made of high-stability piezoelectric ceramics, generally lead zirconium titanate)or a resistor and a capacitor to fix the frequency).
+
(Some very-low-cost devices might use a "ceramic resonator" (made of high-stability piezoelectric ceramics, generally lead zirconium titanate) or a resistor and a capacitor to fix the frequency. ).
  
The entire circuit that generates the frequency is called an "oscillator", includes the resonant part (crystal, resonator, or RC), some capacitors, and a silicon chip and therefore is called a hybrid device.
+
The entire circuit that generates the frequency is called an "oscillator", includes the resonant part (crystal, resonator, or RC), some capacitors, and a silicon chip and is therefore called a hybrid device.
 
(An oscillator that uses a resistor and a capacitor to fix the frequency is called a "RC oscillator".
 
(An oscillator that uses a resistor and a capacitor to fix the frequency is called a "RC oscillator".
 
An oscillator that uses a crystal to fix the frequency is called a "crystal oscillator".)
 
An oscillator that uses a crystal to fix the frequency is called a "crystal oscillator".)
Line 12: Line 11:
 
Oscillators usually come in a metal can, but Epson also encapsulates them in plastic. Typically an oscillator can has 4 pins. Inside the can is all the components of the oscillator. One applies DC power on 2 of the pins, and the oscillating signal (the "CLK OUT") appears on another pin. (The remaining pin is unused).
 
Oscillators usually come in a metal can, but Epson also encapsulates them in plastic. Typically an oscillator can has 4 pins. Inside the can is all the components of the oscillator. One applies DC power on 2 of the pins, and the oscillating signal (the "CLK OUT") appears on another pin. (The remaining pin is unused).
  
An oscillator can also be made from scratch using crystal in a (2-pin) metal can, a couple of capacitors, an resitor and an inverter.
+
An oscillator can also be made from scratch using crystal in a (2-pin) metal can, a couple of capacitors, a resistor and an inverter.
 
In either case, the frequency is printed on the top of the crystal or oscillator.
 
In either case, the frequency is printed on the top of the crystal or oscillator.
  
Line 18: Line 17:
 
that are designed to be directly connected to the 2 pins of a crystal.
 
that are designed to be directly connected to the 2 pins of a crystal.
 
(Capacitors from those pins to VCC and GND are also part of the recommended circuit).
 
(Capacitors from those pins to VCC and GND are also part of the recommended circuit).
An inverter inside the microcontroller acts as the amplifier, and the crystal and capacitors make up the rest of the oscillator.
+
An inverter inside the microcontroller acts as the amplifier, and the crystal and capacitors make up the rest of the oscillator. Microcontrollers when connected directly to a crystal need to have capacitors attached that need to be percisely matched with other circuit components on the board.  Resonators tend to have the capacitor buildin reducing the amount of trial and error of capacitor selection.
  
 
In systems with multiple CPUs, it is often simpler, cheaper, and more reliable (avoiding metastability problems) to use a single crystal (rather than a dedicated crystal for each CPU).
 
In systems with multiple CPUs, it is often simpler, cheaper, and more reliable (avoiding metastability problems) to use a single crystal (rather than a dedicated crystal for each CPU).
Line 25: Line 24:
 
Unfortunately, many people confuse the "clock signal" generated by an oscillator (a simple metronome beat, tone, at constant frequency) with far more complicated "clock system"s that keep track of seconds, minutes, hours, and sometimes days, weeks, months, and years.
 
Unfortunately, many people confuse the "clock signal" generated by an oscillator (a simple metronome beat, tone, at constant frequency) with far more complicated "clock system"s that keep track of seconds, minutes, hours, and sometimes days, weeks, months, and years.
  
Greetings!
+
The "negative resistance test" measures the oscillation allowance of a crystal oscillator circuit.
Undoubtedly, you will reach big success with your site.  
+
Most manufacturers recommend that the oscillation allowance of the circuit be at least five times the maximum resistance value of the quartz crystal unit used in the circuit.<ref>
 +
[http://www.ti.com/lit/an/slaa322b/slaa322b.pdf "MSP430 32-kHz Crystal Oscillators"].
 +
p. 5.
 +
</ref><ref>
 +
[http://www.foxonline.com/pdfs/osctheoryoper.pdf "Oscillator Theory of Operation"].
 +
p. 109.
 +
</ref><ref>
 +
[http://www.sii.co.jp/en/quartz/circuit-design/ "Oscillation Circuit Design Overview"].
 +
</ref><ref>
 +
[http://www.atmel.com/images/doc8333.pdf "AVR4100: Selecting and testing 32kHz crystal oscillators for Atmel AVR microcontrollers"].
 +
p. 12.
 +
</ref><ref>
 +
[http://www.ecsxtal.com/store/pdf/Oscillation-Circut-Design-Considerations.pdf "Oscillator Circuit Design Considerations"].
 +
p. 8
 +
</ref>
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
== Further reading ==
  
[http://index74foal.voxtropolis.com/ granny thumb videos] |
+
* [http://techref.massmind.org/techref/clocks.htm massmind: clocks]
[http://www.guestbook.at/gb/gast/index.php?buchid=enthralledst simple granny square pattern] |
+
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_oscillator Wikipedia: crystal oscillator]
[http://index98leads.120host.net/ asian may thumbs] |
+
* [http://www.microchip.com/stellent/idcplg?IdcService=SS_GET_PAGE&nodeId=1824&appnote=en021190 "App Note AN949: Making Your Oscillator Work" by Brett Duane]
[http://rebuilt.megabb.com movies of naked grannies]
+
* [http://www.microchip.com/stellent/idcplg?IdcService=SS_GET_PAGE&nodeId=1824&appnote=en020706 "App Note AN943: Practical PICmicro® Oscillator Analysis and Design" by Ruan Lourens]
 +
* [http://www.icmfg.com/technicaldata.html#crystal_data Crystal data]
 +
[[Category:Components]]

Latest revision as of 08:32, 8 January 2016

The vast majority of electronic systems operate at some fixed frequency. Usually the component that fixes that frequency is a quartz crystal, sealed in a metal can. (Some very-low-cost devices might use a "ceramic resonator" (made of high-stability piezoelectric ceramics, generally lead zirconium titanate) or a resistor and a capacitor to fix the frequency. ).

The entire circuit that generates the frequency is called an "oscillator", includes the resonant part (crystal, resonator, or RC), some capacitors, and a silicon chip and is therefore called a hybrid device. (An oscillator that uses a resistor and a capacitor to fix the frequency is called a "RC oscillator". An oscillator that uses a crystal to fix the frequency is called a "crystal oscillator".)

The oscillator includes, in addition to the frequency-fixing component just mentioned, an amplifier and capacitors.

Oscillators usually come in a metal can, but Epson also encapsulates them in plastic. Typically an oscillator can has 4 pins. Inside the can is all the components of the oscillator. One applies DC power on 2 of the pins, and the oscillating signal (the "CLK OUT") appears on another pin. (The remaining pin is unused).

An oscillator can also be made from scratch using crystal in a (2-pin) metal can, a couple of capacitors, a resistor and an inverter. In either case, the frequency is printed on the top of the crystal or oscillator.

Many microcontrollers have 2 pins (typically labeled "XTAL1" and "XTAL2", or "OSC1" and "OSC2", or something similar) that are designed to be directly connected to the 2 pins of a crystal. (Capacitors from those pins to VCC and GND are also part of the recommended circuit). An inverter inside the microcontroller acts as the amplifier, and the crystal and capacitors make up the rest of the oscillator. Microcontrollers when connected directly to a crystal need to have capacitors attached that need to be percisely matched with other circuit components on the board. Resonators tend to have the capacitor buildin reducing the amount of trial and error of capacitor selection.

In systems with multiple CPUs, it is often simpler, cheaper, and more reliable (avoiding metastability problems) to use a single crystal (rather than a dedicated crystal for each CPU). CPUs (and many other components) often have a single "CLK" pin designed to be connected to the wire used to send that "clock signal" (a fixed frequency) everywhere.

Unfortunately, many people confuse the "clock signal" generated by an oscillator (a simple metronome beat, tone, at constant frequency) with far more complicated "clock system"s that keep track of seconds, minutes, hours, and sometimes days, weeks, months, and years.

The "negative resistance test" measures the oscillation allowance of a crystal oscillator circuit. Most manufacturers recommend that the oscillation allowance of the circuit be at least five times the maximum resistance value of the quartz crystal unit used in the circuit.<ref> "MSP430 32-kHz Crystal Oscillators". p. 5. </ref><ref> "Oscillator Theory of Operation". p. 109. </ref><ref> "Oscillation Circuit Design Overview". </ref><ref> "AVR4100: Selecting and testing 32kHz crystal oscillators for Atmel AVR microcontrollers". p. 12. </ref><ref> "Oscillator Circuit Design Considerations". p. 8 </ref>


Further reading[edit]